how rapidly bloodstream and pulmonary lymphatic drainage can eliminate products of nanoparticles degradation general safety concerns add to these specific issues that are luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone pertinent to pulmonary targeting strictly speaking, the actual biocompatibility of materials for carriers remains unknown, until it is carefully tested in adequate clinical settings luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone using carriers of adequate size for example, nanocarriers based on polylactic glycolic acid polymer, accepted for human use for macroimplants, may degrade into lactic acid and glycolic acid within the target cells, potentially exceeding its metabolic potential potentially harmful effects of activation systemic defense systems ie complement, cytokines, luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone overload of clearance systems eg liver, kidneys and immune reactions, represent general concerns of advanced delivery systems however, despite these concerns, the most exciting luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone prospect of nanocarriers are the near limitless possibilities for treatment strategies nanocarriers may be designed to contain multiple drugs, allowing for complex dosing regimes luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone through just a single injection translational, industrial and commercial issues have to be addressed for example, dosing eg which drug load and particles dose luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone afford therapeutic effects and the timing of treatments have to be tested synthesis schemes and reagents readily adaptable to cgmp practices should be explored batch to batch variations and processing choices must be minimized, whereas the synthesis yield and drug loading effectiveness must be boosted to warrant practical utility targeting of nanocarriers to endothelial determinants in the pulmonary vasculature promises unprecedented levels of specificity and subcellular precision of drug delivery many endothelial determinants luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone potentially useful for drug delivery including ectoenzymes, cell adhesion molecules and caveolar antigens have been identified by methods including proteomics of endothelial plasma membrane, phage display libraries selections in vivo and the tracing of labeled antibodies highthroughput, discoverydriven approaches such as phage display, map vascular lumen and identify luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone novel targets enriched in defined areas of the lung or endothelial domains due to a limited insight into functions of these targets, some of them are unlikely to have a utility for drug delivery eg due to safety concerns, yet all could be used as molecular probes in luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone animal studies careful selection of targets and modulation of valency and size of the antibody directed nanocarriers help to control intracellular uptake and traffic luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone of cargoes these parameters can be further finetuned, capitalizing on specific features of carriers including relatively labile protein conjugates, liposomes or polymer carriers with builtin rates of degradation and release, and membrane permeating moieties it is tempting to speculate that the treatment of pathologies, including but not limited to luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone acute lung injury, lung transplantation, pulmonary edema, thrombosis, hypertension and inflammation, will eventually benefit from targeting the delivery of drug nanocarriers to the pulmonary luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone vasculature acknowledgments this work was supported by nhlbi rol grants hl, hl and hl, department of defense grant pr and pennsylvania nti core project luteinizing hormone normal low testosterone the authors thank drs s muro, m koval and v shuvaev university of pennsylvania for the exciting and stimulating discussions and advice references muzykantov 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