int j pharm bunjes h, koch mhj and westesen � influence of emulsifiers on the crystallization of solid lipid nanoparticles} pharm sci bunjes h, koch mhj and westesen � effect of particle premarin vaginal cream sore nipples size on colloidal solid triglycerides langmuir illing a, unruh t and koch mhj investigation on particle selfassembly in solid lipidbased colloidal drug carrier systems pharm res jores � lipid nanodispersions as drug carrier systems premarin vaginal cream sore nipples � a physicochemical characterization, thesis, university of halle httpsundocbibliothekunihalledediss online h prompdf lippacher a, mtiller rh and mader � liquid and semisolid sln dispersions for topical application rheological characterization eur j pharm biopharm lippacher a, mtiller rh and mader � preparation of semisolid drug carriers for topical application based on solid lipid nanoparticles int} pharm lippacher a, muller rh and mader � semisolid sln dispersions for topical application influence of 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emulsions as drug carriers � possibilities, limitations and future perspectives, in emulsions and nanosuspensions premarin vaginal cream sore nipples for the formulation of poorly soluble drugs, rh muller, s benita and bbohm eds, medpharm scientific publishers, stuttgart, pp davis ss, washington c, west p and ilium l lipid emulsions as drug delivery systems premarin vaginal cream sore nipples ann n y acad sci muller rh and runge sa solid lipid nanoparticles sln for controlled drug delivery, in submicron emulsions in drug targeting and delivery, benita s ed, harwood academic publishers amsterdam, pp mehnert w and mader � solid lipid nanoparticles production, characterization and applications adv drug del rev westesen � novel lipidbased colloidal dispersions as potential drug administration systems expectations and reality coll polym sci heydenreich av, westmeier r, pedersen n, poulsen hs and kristensen hg preparation and purification of cationic solid lipid nanospheres � effects on 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kristensen hg and pedersen m solid lipid microparticle formulations of the pyrethroid premarin vaginal cream sore nipples gammacyhalothrinincompatibility of the lipid and the pyrethroid and biological properties of the formulations j control rel kristl j, volk b, gasperlin m, sentjurc m and jurkovic p effect of colloidal carriers on ascorbyl palmitate premarin vaginal cream sore nipples stability eur j pharm sci olbrich c, kayser � and mtiller rh lipase degradation of dynasan and solid lipid nanoparticles sln � effect of surfactants, storage time and crystallinity int ] pharm olbrich c, premarin vaginal cream sore nipples kayser � and mtiller rh enzymatic degradation of dynasan sln � effect of surfactants and particle size nanopar res zimmermann e and mtiller rh electrolyte and phstabilities of aqueous solid lipid nanoparticle sln dispersions premarin vaginal cream sore nipples in artificial gastrointestinal media eur } pharm biopharm mei z, li x, wu q, hu s and yang x the research on the antiinflammatory activity and hepatotoxicity of triptolideloaded solid lipid nanoparticle pharmacol res hu ld, tang x and cui fd solid lipid nanoparticles slns to improve oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs pharm pharmacol bargoni a, cavalli r, zara gp, fundaro a, caputo � and gasco mr transmucosal transport of tobramycin incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles sln after duodenal administration to rats part ii tissue distribution pharmacol res cavalli r, bargoni a, podio v, muntoni e, zara gp and gasco mr duodenal administration of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with different percentages of tobramycin j pharm sci �� zara gp, bargoni a, cavalli r, fundaro a, vighetto d and gasco mr pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of premarin vaginal cream sore nipples idarubicinloaded solid lipid nanoparticles after duodenal administration to rats j pharm sci zara gp, cavalli r, bargoni a, fundaro a, vighetto d and gasco mr intravenous administration to rabbits of nonstealth and stealth doxorubicinloaded premarin vaginal cream sore nipples solid lipid nanoparticles at increasing concentrations of stealth agent pharmacokinetics and distribution of doxorubicin in brain and other tissuesj drug targ chen d, lu w, yang t, li j and zhang q preparation and characterization of longcirculating solid lipid nanoparticles containing paclitaxel yixueban muller rh, radtke m and wissing sa solid lipid nanoparticles sln and nanos tructured lipid carriers nlc in cosmetic and dermatological preparations adv drug del rev suppl ss wissing s a and muller rh the influence of the cry stallinity of lipid nanoparticles on their occlusive properties int} pharm wissing sa and muller rh the influence of solid lipid nanoparticles on skin hydration and viscoelasticity � in vivo study eur j pharm biopharm wissing sa and muller rh solid lipid nanoparticles sln � a novel carrier for uv blockers pharmazie maia cs, mehnert premarin vaginal cream sore nipples w, schaller m, korting hc, gysler a, haberland a and schafer korting m drug targeting by solid lipid nanoparticles for dermal use drug targ rudolph c, schillinger u, ortiz, a, tabatt k, plank c, premarin vaginal cream sore nipples muller rh and rosenecker j application of novel solid lipid nanoparticle slngene vector formulations based on a dimeric hiv tatpeptide in vitro and in vivo pharm res gasco mr, zara gp, saettone mf and pct int appl pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases patent application wo videira ma, botelho mf, santos ac, gouveia lf, pedroso de lima jj and almeida aj lymphatic uptake of pulmonary premarin vaginal cream sore nipples delivered radiolabeled solid lipid nanoparticles j drug targ stevens pj, sekido m and lee rj synthesis and evaluation of a hematoporphyrin derivative in a folate receptortargeted solidlipid nanoparticle formulation anticancer res peira e, marzola p, podio v, aime s, sbarbati a and gasco mr in vitro and in vivo study of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide j drug targ wang jx, sun x and zhang premarin vaginal cream sore nipples zr enhanced brain targeting by synthesis of , dioctanoylfluorodeoxyuridine and incorporation into solid lipid nanoparticles eur } pharm biopharm zara gp, cavalli r, bargoni a, fundaro a, vighetto d and gasco mr intravenous administration to premarin vaginal cream sore nipples rabbits of nonstealth and stealth doxorubicinloaded solid lipid nanoparticles at increasing concentrations of stealth agent pharmacokinetics and distribution of doxorubicin in brain and other tissues j drug targ lipidic core nanocapsules as new drug premarin vaginal cream sore nipples delivery systems patrick saulnier and jeanpierre benoit a new generation of controlled size lipidic core nanocapsules lnc is presented with respect to their simple formulation, interfacial characteristics, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties we describe their ability to load and release hydrophobic drugs introduction the ultimate goal of therapeutics is to deliver any drug at the right time in a safe and reproducible manner to a specific target at the premarin vaginal cream sore nipples required level a great deal of effort is currently made to develop novel drug delivery systems that are able to fulfil these specifications among them, nanoscale drug carriers appear to be promising candidates colloidal carriers are particularly useful because they can provide protection of a drug from degradation in biological fluids and promote its penetration into cells however, because the body is so well equipped to reject any intruding object, for the materials to stand any chance of success within this hostile yet sensitive environment, they must be chosen very carefully in particular, attention has to be turned to the composition of the surface of colloidal drug carriers indeed, their clearance rate from the circulatory system is determined by their uptake by the mononuclear phagocytic system mps, which in turn depends on their physico chemical surface premarin vaginal cream sore nipples characteristics in order to enhance circulation time, steric protection of various nanoparticulate drug carriers can be achieved by the presence of hydrophilic and flexible polymers to their surface in the search for injectable, biocompatible and longcirculating systems, many colloidal systems have been evaluated different kinds of vectors can be used for example, molecular vectors where the drug is complexed or associated to a transport molecule are currently used premarin vaginal cream sore nipples many vectors are also constituted by viruses or hybrid viruses, following the modification of their genomes in order to avoid the possibility of replication in this way, they are used as gene delivery systems however, we will focus on non viral vectors in this chapter they are always formulated using soft physico chemical methods, by taking advantage of macromolecular selfassembly properties at the colloidal state in order to premarin vaginal cream sore nipples produce wellcontrolled particles the number of required biological and physico chemical properties of these systems is high in order to formulate operant vectors one of the most important specifications of these systems is the premarin vaginal cream sore nipples biocompatibility and biodegradability of each component that needs to be chosen carefully from a restricted list of molecules secondly, they need to be well constructed in terms of size and interfacial properties, in order premarin vaginal cream sore nipples to constitute stealthy systems that will not be phagocyted by the mps and consequently will have the longest residence time in blood we should not forget that such vectors exist biologically low density lipoproteins premarin vaginal cream sore nipples ldl are interesting systems possessing many of the required specifications unfortunately, their extraction, purification or reconstitution is still a challenge with strong physico chemical problems to solve no convenient common solvent of proteins and premarin vaginal cream sore nipples lipids exists in order to reconstitute a similar supramolecular framework consequently, we have to keep in mind a formulation of nanoparticles with biomimetic properties to those related to ldl as close as possible we would now like to describe a novel class of nanoparticles lipidic core nanocapsuleslnc formulated without organic solvents with biocompatible and biodegradable molecules we will see that after modification of the composition, we can control premarin vaginal cream sore nipples their size without difficulty in the nm range, with a monomodal and narrow size distribution initially, we suggest describing the lnc formulation following some particular autoorganizational properties of poly ethylene glycol peglike surfactants, induced premarin vaginal cream sore nipples by several emulsionphase inversions in which they are incorporated we will particularly emphasize the different physical methods that determine the characterization of the final structure of lnc, as well as their stability in suspensions premarin vaginal cream sore nipples then, we will describe strong correlations between their stealthy properties in blood and structural characteristics, mainly size and interfacial properties in specific, we have evaluated the activation of the complement system in an original in vitro model these nanocapsules are devoted to the encapsulation of drugs that need to be dispersed in their oily core as a proof that the concept works, we will describe the ability of lnc to encapsulate and release simple lipophilic molecules, ibupro fene and amiodarone, in the last paragraph lipidic nanocapsule formulation and structure process the first step of the process consists of the formulation of a stable emulsion characterized by its oily phase o, aqueous phase w and finally its surfactants mixture s due to the complexity of the mixture, the brand names will be used throughout the following text it is important to note that no organic solvent or medium chain alcohols are used in the formulation all these molecules are known to be biocompatible and biodegradable this indicates that the lack of premarin vaginal cream sore nipples residual toxicity can guarantee the safe use of lnc for human administration solutol� is mainly comprised of hy droxys tea rate of peg that corresponds to a hydrophilic surfactant hlb = the lecithin used premarin vaginal cream sore nipples is a mixture of hydrophobic phospholipids the main compounds of each phase are reported in table the beginning of the formulation see fig corresponds to a magnetic stirring of all the components for which premarin vaginal cream sore nipples the proportions will be defined later, with a gradual rise in temperature from room temperature to �� at a rate of ��min, leading to an wo emulsion characterized by low conductivity the system is premarin vaginal cream sore nipples conductivity �c temperature fig emulsionphase inversion induced by temperature changes and the principle of lnc formulation volume table compounds used in the lnc formulation cooled from to �c �cmin, leading to an ow emulsion premarin vaginal cream sore nipples characterized by its high conductivity between these two kinds of emulsion, a transition zone called the phase inversion zone piz is defined where the system is known to be in bicontinuous states in order premarin vaginal cream sore nipples to provide appropriate and optimal interfacial properties to the water oil interfaces, the formulation typically requires three temperature cycles across the piz the system is stopped at a temperature corresponding to the beginning of premarin vaginal cream sore nipples the piz, just before performing a final, fastcooling dilution process in cold water �c this second step high lfts due to methotrexate of the formulation leads to lnc in suspension in an aqueous phase the interfacial rheology method developed in several papers demonstrates that the interfacial association of all the implicated molecules of the process is different from other commoner systems cohesion energy at the interface, as well as the interaction of the interfacial molecules with the adjacent phases, reaches a minimum for the concentrations used we think that this particularity can explain why the system can be broken down in an ideal way during final dilution the surfactants involved in the stabilization of the bicontinuous systems can easily leave the microemulsion in order to constitute the colloidal structures lnc it might be noted that temperatures corresponding to the piz are premarin vaginal cream sore nipples much too high to decline this method to the simple encapsulation of thermosensitive molecules fortunately, we have shown that the electrolyte concentration nacl strongly influences the location of piz on the temperature scale when premarin vaginal cream sore nipples we increase the electrolyte concentration, we decrease the piz temperature to reach acceptable levels influence of the medium composition obviously, the presence or not of lnc strongly depends on the composition of the system premarin vaginal cream sore nipples reported in fig a as a pseudoternary diagram each point corresponds to strictly similar formulation processes and the entire diagram describes the appropriate feasibility zone it should be noticed that the optimal formulation corresponds premarin vaginal cream sore nipples to ww concentration of around for the oil phase, for the water phase and for solutol� in the zone corresponding to the lnc formulation, a statistical model is applied in order to approximate the premarin vaginal cream sore nipples influence of the composition on the size distribution measured by the dynamic light scattering method polynomial interpolations between wellcontrolled points are performed the corresponding results are reported in fig b where different isosize curves premarin vaginal cream sore nipples are presented the same procedure was applied to the size variation coefficients these two curve beams are powerful tools, allowing an optimized formulation to be found, once a given and reproducible size distribution is premarin vaginal cream sore nipples elaborated just by tuning the composition water fig schematic representation of lnc it is important to note that lnc have demonstrated very good freezedrying and stability characteristics in storage conditions for several months, as premarin vaginal cream sore nipples determined by dsc measurements, confirming the structure presented in fig lncs are constituted of a lipidic core surrounded by a surfactant shell, where lecithin is located in the inner part of the shell and premarin vaginal cream sore nipples the solutol� in the outer part structure and purification of the lnc by dialysis fig feasibility diagram of lnc a zone of favorable formulation b isosize curves in the favorable zone ab considering that in the biological environment of the blood stream, the particles interact strongly with various interfaces, one possible model for studying the interfacial behavior of these particles is their spreading at the airwater interface classically, premarin vaginal cream sore nipples the langmuir balance was used to describe interfaces composed by simple mixtures the basic technique was the measurement of the surface pressure ������ a isotherm, by determining the decrease in surface tension as a function of the area available for each molecule on the aqueous sub phase this included the study of the monolayer formation, the compressibility of the interface, the mutual interactions of molecules in the monolayer, but also interactions with the subphase molecules across interfacial rheological measurements following this, these suspension spreading results were compared with zeta potential measurements these studies, clearly indicate that the mother suspension, just after dilution in cold water, is composed of stable nanocapsules as described before these objects diffuse strongly in the aqueous phase after spreading at the airwater interface unstable nanocapsules with similar size, but with a lower premarin vaginal cream sore nipples amount of phospholipids lipoid� in the inner part of their shell these capsules are not sufficiently robust to support the interfacial energies during spreading consequently, the components or fragments of the initial particles can premarin vaginal cream sore nipples be detected at the airwater interface free peg minor component of the solutol� released from the outer part of the shell it is obvious that the excess of peg, as well as an important premarin vaginal cream sore nipples fraction of the unstable particles could be limited by dialysis we will see in the next chapter an original investigation of these dialysis effects imagery techniques afm images [fig a] were obtained after spreading the initial suspension of nm � nm lnc on a fresh mica plate, and then allowing a complete evaporation of the water at room temperature a contact mode was applied with a contact force premarin vaginal cream sore nipples of nn, as well as a non contact mode without modification of the related images the particle shape looked like a cylinder, nm high and nm wide, corresponding to a total volume similar to premarin vaginal cream sore nipples a nm sphere we demonstrate the deformation of lnc after water evaporation, but without fusion of the particles, something that often occurs with liposomes classical ��� images were taken of the covered copper grids, premarin vaginal cream sore nipples following staining with a phosphotungstic acid aqueous solution it is noted on fig b that the lateral diameters are relatively polydispersed in a nm range fig c corresponds to a cryotem image kindly provided premarin vaginal cream sore nipples by olivier lambert, iecbubs umr cnrs where individualized lnc are detectable it is important to note that this image was performed after a dialysis, followed by an appropriate dilution of the mother suspension i �� fig visualization of lnc by a afm, b ��� and c cryotem electrical and biological properties electro kinetic comportment the stable lipid nanocapsules lnc contain pegylated hydroxy stearate, as well as free peg premarin vaginal cream sore nipples in the outer part of the shell, which can be an important biological specification that we will describe latter the distribution of peg chains at the surface was determined by their electrokinetic properties thus, electrophoretic mobility was measured as a function of ionic strength and ph, for particles differing in sizes, dialysis effects, and the presence or not of lecithin in their shell the study enabled us to premarin vaginal cream sore nipples find the isoelectric point iep as well as the charge density zn in relation to the dipolar distribution in the polyelectrolyte accessible layer thickness a, by using soft particle electrophoresis analysis see fig this premarin vaginal cream sore nipples study showed that lnc presented electrophoretic properties conferred by peg groups at the surface constituting dipoles that are able to interact with counter ions h, na or water dipoles b ��� a afm � cryotem ?